Entries are descriptive, with examples provided when appropriate. The dictionary includes some slang terms and idioms and a few obsolete terms, often as See references to the term in current use.
When the meaning of a term varies depends on the field in which it is used, priority is given to the definition that applies within the field with which it is most closely associated. Definitions unrelated to LIS are generally omitted. Library Associations help in various ways. First of all, they unite the professionals and give them voice strength. This activity helps in the enhancement of skills and knowledge of library professionals. Many of these associations publish newsletters and journals to provide the latest information and research findings to library professionals.
Library Automation - Library automation refers to the use of the computer to automate the typical procedures of libraries such as cataloging and circulation. Automation is a process of using machinery for easily working and saving human power and time. The main purpose of library automation is to free the librarians and library staff and to allow them to contribute more meaningfully to the spread of knowledge and information. Library Circulation - Library Circulation is the function of lending library materials books, serials, sound recordings, moving images, cartographic materials, etc.
Library Circulation includes checking out library materials to library users, renewing the borrowed items, reserving checked out items for the patron, checking in materials returned, checking the materials for damage at the time of return, if found damaged then giving that to responsible staff for repair and when repair is not possible then replacement, renewal of materials, receiving payment of fines for damaged and overdue materials and payment for subscription to the library and other charges, maintaining order in the stacks by re-shelving the library materials by call number given by classification system, such as Library of Congress Classification LCC or Dewey Decimal Classification DDC system.
There is a Circulation Desk, a long counter usually located at the main entrance of the library to carry out library circulation activities. It is the service point to register for the library card, check out, renew, and return library materials. Library staff at circulation desk also provides basic search and reference services in the use of library and placement of information resources.
Library Classification - Classification or Library Classification or Book Classification or Bibliographic Classification is the process of arranging, grouping, coding, and organizing books and other library materials e. Call number consists of a class number providing class designation, a book number providing author representation, and a collection number denoting the collection to which it belongs.
In ordinary classification, we deal with the arrangement of ideas and the objects in a systematic order. But in library classification, we are concerned with documents, and the aim is to arrange these in the most helpful and permanent order. Similar to knowledge classification systems, bibliographic classification systems group entities that are similar and related together typically arranged in a hierarchical tree-type structure assuming non-faceted system; a faceted classification system allows the assignment of multiple classifications to an object, enabling the classifications to be ordered in multiple ways.
This also provides an opportunity to celebrate those who love and support libraries and to remind decision makers how loved and cherished libraries are by the entire community. Not everyone receives flowers on Valentines Day but everyone is welcome at their library. Library Management - Library management is a sub-discipline of institutional management that focuses on specific issues faced by libraries and library management professionals.
Library management encompasses normal managerial tasks, as well as intellectual freedom and fundraising responsibilities. Issues faced in library management frequently overlap with those faced in managing non-profit organizations. The basic functions of library management include, but are not limited to: planning and negotiating the acquisition of materials, Interlibrary Loan ILL requests, stacks maintenance, overseeing fee collection, event planning, fundraising, and human resources.
Library of Congress - Library of Congress, the de facto national library of the United States and the largest library in the world. Its collection was growing at a rate of about two million items per year; it reached more than million items in The Library of Congress serves members, committees, and staff of the U. Congress, other government agencies, libraries throughout the country and the world, and the scholars, researchers, artists, and scientists who use its resources.
It is the national centre for library service to the blind and physically handicapped, and it offers many concerts, lectures, and exhibitions for the general public. It was developed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to organize and arrange the book collections of the Library of Congress. Over the course of the twentieth century, the system was adopted for use by other libraries as well, especially large academic libraries in the United States.
It is currently one of the most widely used library classification systems in the world. The Library's Policy and Standards Division maintains and develops the system. In recent decades, as the Library of Congress made its records available electronically through its online catalog, more libraries have adopted LCC for both subject cataloging as well as shelflisting.
There are several classification schemes in use worldwide. This article describes the various aspects of LCC and its suitability as a library classification system for classifying library resources. The Library of Congress was established in when the American legislatures were preparing to move from Philadelphia to the new capital city of Washington, D. Its earliest classification system was by size and, within each size group, by accession number. The library adopted this system and used it with some modifications until the end of the nineteenth century.
Library of Congress moved to a new building in A more detailed classification scheme was required for such a huge and rapidly growing collection of documents. James C. Work on the new classification began in Hanson — the two fathers of Library of Congress Classification.
Class Z Bibliography and Library Science was chosen to be the first schedule to be developed. The next schedules, E-F American history and geography , were developed. But E-F were the first schedules to be published, in , followed by Z in Other schedules were progressively developed.
Each schedule of LCC contains an entire class, a subclass, or a group of subclasses. The separate schedules were published in print volumes, as they were completed. All schedules were published by , except the Class K Law. The first Law schedule—the Law of United States, was published in , and the last of the Law schedules to publish was KB—Religious law, which appeared in From the beginning, individual schedules of LCC have been developed and maintained by subject experts.
Such experts continue to be responsible for additions and changes in LCC. Until the early s, LCC schedules existed mainly as a print product. The conversion of LCC to machine-readable form began in and was completed in This was a very important development for LCC, as it enabled LCC to be consulted online and much more efficient production of the print schedules.
In the year , the Library of Congress announced a transition to online-only publication of its cataloging documentation, including the Library of Congress Classification.
It supports searching and browsing of the LCC schedules and provides links to the respective tables to build the class numbers for library resources. LC has also developed training materials on the principles and practices of LCC and made those available for free on its website.
It is popularly known by its abbreviation as LCSH and is sometimes used interchangeably with the phrase subject authority file.
LCSH is a multidisciplinary vocabulary that includes headings in all subjects, from science to religion, to history, social science, education, literature, and philosophy. It also includes headings for geographic features, ethnic groups, historical events, building names, etc. It is the model for many other vocabularies in English and other languages and has been translated into numerous languages. The strongest aspect of LCSH is that it represents subject headings of the Library of Congress, the national library of the United States, one of the richest of national libraries of the world.
LCSH is also used as indexing vocabulary in a number of published bibliographies. LCSH contain the preferred subject access terms controlled vocabulary that are assigned as an added entry in the bibliographic record which works as an access point and enables the work to be searched and retrieved by subject from the library catalog database. The controlled vocabulary identifies synonym terms and selects one preferred term among them to be used as the subject heading. For homonyms, it explicitly identifies the multiple concepts expressed by that word or phrase.
Cross-references are used with headings to direct the user from terms not used as headings to the term that is used, and from broader and related topics to the one chosen to represent a given subject.
The headings included in this list were obtained by creating a file consisting of all subject heading and subdivision records in verified status in the subject authority file at the Library of Congress.
There were , authority records in the file then. The subject authority database from which the headings in this edition were drawn indicates that the file contains approximately 24, personal name headings of which 23, represent family names, 10, corporate headings, 6 meeting or conference headings, uniform titles, , topical subject headings, and 61, geographic subject headings.
There are general USE references, 4, general see also references, , references from one usable heading to another, and , references from unused terms to used headings. The creation and revision of subject headings is a continuous process. Approximately 5, new headings, including headings with subdivisions, are added to LCSH each year. Approved proposals become part of the online authority file of subject headings at the Library of Congress, from which various publications are created.
Five services provide information about new and revised headings. First, a distribution service supplies the subject headings in the MARC 21 authorities format via Internet FTP on a weekly basis to supplement the master database file of subject authority records. Second, L. Subject Headings Monthly Lists are a timely source of information about new and changed subject headings, class numbers, references and scope notes.
Library Science - Library science often termed library studies, library and information science, bibliothecography, library economy is an interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary field that applies the practices, perspectives, and tools of management, information technology, education, and other areas to libraries; the collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination of information resources; and the political economy of information.
Rather than classifying information based on nature-oriented elements, as was previously done in his Bavarian library, Schrettinger organized books in alphabetical order. The first American school for library science was founded by Melvil Dewey at Columbia University in It is an aspect of the broader field of librarianship.
Historically, library science has also included archival science. This includes how information resources are organized to serve the needs of select user groups, how people interact with classification systems and technology, how information is acquired, evaluated and applied by people in and outside of libraries as well as cross-culturally, how people are trained and educated for careers in libraries, the ethics that guide library service and organization, the legal status of libraries and information resources, and the applied science of computer technology used in documentation and records management.
There is no generally agreed-upon distinction between the terms library science, librarianship, and library and information science, and to a certain extent they are interchangeable, perhaps differing most significantly in connotation.
The term library and information science LIS is most often used; most librarians consider it as only a terminological variation, intended to emphasize the scientific and technical foundations of the subject and its relationship with information science.
LIS should not be confused with information theory, the mathematical study of the concept of information. Library and information science can also be seen as an integration of the two fields of library science and information science, which were separate at one point.
Library philosophy has been contrasted with library science as the study of the aims and justifications of librarianship as opposed to the development and refinement of techniques. Her publications on cataloging, library classification, and subject indexing were recognized with various awards. Chan was born in in Taiwan, and studied foreign languages at National Taiwan University.
She began her library career as a serials cataloger at the University of Kentucky in By , she was a professor in the library sciences department at the university.
Chan began publishing books in the late s, beginning with Library of Congress Subject Headings: Principles and Application, a text on the Library of Congress LC system of subject headings. She followed with texts on library cataloging, the LC classification scheme, and the Dewey Decimal Classification. She received the American Library Association Margaret Mann Citation for her contributions to the library science profession.
Chan died on August 20, , aged Management - Management or managing is the administration of an organization, whether it be a business, a not-for-profit organization, or government body. Management includes the activities of setting the strategy of an organization and coordinating the efforts of its employees or of volunteers to accomplish its objectives through the application of available resources, such as financial, natural, technological, and human resources.
The term "management" may also refer to those people who manage an organization. Social scientists study management as an academic discipline, investigating areas such as social organization and organizational leadership.
Some people study management at colleges or universities; major degrees in management include the Bachelor of Commerce B. Manifestation - A physical embodiment of an expression of a work. Working with the Library of Congress, American computer scientist Henriette Avram developed MARC in the s to create records that could be read by computers and shared among libraries. Two years later, they became the international standard.
The MARC 21 family of standards now includes formats for authority records, holdings records, classification schedules, and community information, in addition to the format for bibliographic records.
MARC 21 was designed to redefine the original MARC record format for the 21st century and to make it more accessible to the international community. It is required for the position of a librarian in libraries and information resources centers. In the 11th ed. This broad definition includes elements such as titles; edition statements; the names of creators, contributors, and others; subjects; dimensions; location information; contents; and so on.
Metadata allows users to find, identify, select, and obtain the resources in our collections. Name Authority Record - Name Authority Record NAR - A record that shows a personal, corporate, or geographic authorized access point, cites the sources consulted in determining the choice of the preferred form for the access point representing the entity, the variant access points, and records additional identifying information for the entity. Nomen - A designation that refers to any RDA entity except a nomen.
A designation includes a name, title, access point, identifier, and subject classification codes and headings. OCLC - OCLC is a nonprofit global library cooperative providing shared technology services, original research and community programs so that libraries can better fuel learning, research and innovation. Through OCLC, member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the most comprehensive global network of data about library collections and services. Together as OCLC, member libraries, staff and partners make breakthroughs possible.
Other Title Information is a statement appearing on the item that provides additional information about the nature of the item, its purpose, scope, form e. It may include any phrase appearing with a title proper that is indicative of the character, contents, etc. In the bibliographic record, Other Title Information is transcribed following the whole or part of the title proper or parallel title to which it pertains. If the information is lengthy, it may be given in a note or may be abridged.
Place of Publication - A place of publication is the place associated with the publication, release, or issuing of a resource or document. There are the special set of rules for transcription and recording of the name of the publisher in library cataloging standards, e. Another weakness was its disappearing chain. It was developed by Ganesh Bhattacharya. Pre-Coordinate Indexing Systems - Nowadays most of the documents deal with complex and compound subjects, each comprising a number of components or concepts.
The coordination of these component terms is either done at the input stage or at the output stage. The index in which the coordination of components index terms is done at the input stage, is known as a pre-coordinate index. Coordination of index terms at the input stage means coordination of index terms at the time of preparation of the index by the indexer. In pre-coordinate indexing, a number of selected terms or keywords are coordinated by the indexer and the cards are prepared for display to the users.
Pre-coordinate indexing systems are conventional systems mostly found in printed indexes. In this type of system, a document is represented in the index by a heading or headings comprising of a chain or string of terms. These terms taken together are expected to define the subject content of the document. The leading term determines the position of the entry in the catalog or index, while the other qualifying terms are subordinated to it.
Since the coordination of terms in the index description is decided before any particular request is made, the index is known as a pre-coordinate index. Pre-coordinate indexes are mostly prevalent as printed indexes. For example, the indexes to abstracting and indexing journals, national bibliographies and subject indexes to library catalogs apply principles of pre-coordinate indexing in varying measures.
Such indexes are compiled both manually as well as with the help of a computer. Thus, the pre-coordinate index constitutes a collection of index entries in which concepts from documents are coordinated according to a plan using a linear sequence at the time of the index headings are prepared. These concepts are then represented either by symbols when using a scheme of classification or words of the indexing language in use. Great resources were devoted to the science of air crash investigation.
As the weeks wore on, the pretence of practical teaching was quietly dropped, and we crammed our science out of the text-book. I cannot see in science , nor in experience, nor in history any signs of such a God, nor of such intervention.
Science teaches that man existed during the glacial epoch, which was at least fifty thousand years before the Christian era. Probably they do not devote quite as much time to it as our caballeros, who are quite adepts in the science.
But in reality this paradox of value is the most fundamental proposition in economic science. New Word List Word List. Save This Word! See synonyms for science on Thesaurus.
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